浅论环境变暖的危害及对策设想

 

Paper keywords: afforestation reflector environmental protection and energy saving 

 

　　论文摘要:近年来，全球气温快速增长，致使海平面上升，部分地区暴雨暴雪，部分地方干旱难耐，甚至大部分生物难以生存。因此我们不能坐以待毙，而应积极采取措施遏制环境变暖，如植树造林，建立反射层，环保节能等。

 

Abstract: in recent years, with the rapid development of global temperatures, due to rising sea levels, blizzard is heavy rain in some areas and parts of drought, even most of the creatures to survive. So we cannot be sitting idle, and active measures should be taken to curb the environment change, such as afforestation, reflector, environmental protection and energy saving, etc. 

 

2008年7月22和23日，加拿大埃尔斯米尔岛北岸的冰架发生断裂，形成2座浮冰岛，面积分别为4至5平方公里和14平方公里。这部分冰架原来面积为443平方公里，厚度约为40米。这次大断裂，让人开始担心北极冰层融化速度的加剧，以及未来彻底无冰的可能。

 

On July 22 and 23, 2008, Canada's ellesmere island in the north shore of the ice shelf break, forming two floating Iceland, respectively for 4 to 5 square kilometers and 14 square kilometers. This part of the ice shelf original area of 443 square kilometers and a thickness of about 40 meters. The fault, let a person began to fear that the arctic ice melting speed increased, and completely ice-free possibility in the future. 

 

冰架是指与陆地相连的巨大浮动冰层。北极冰架之前比较大的断裂发生在2005年8月，与埃尔斯米岛相连的艾利斯冰架发生断裂，形成一座66kmz的浮冰岛，大小相当于美国曼哈顿。断裂的原因，加拿大极地专家米勒没有完全归咎于气候变化，他认为北极冰层的融化是一个不可逆的“单向过程”。

 

Huge floating ice shelf is connected to the land. Arctic ice-shelf before bigger fracture happened in August 2005, linked to ellesmere island Ellis ice shelves break, forming a 66 KMZ floating Iceland, the size of Manhattan. The reason of the fracture, polar specialist at Canada miller not blamed on climate change, he thinks that the melting of the arctic ice is an irreversible process "one way". 

 

英国《自然》杂志上发表的一份研究报告称，新研究表明大气层中一种自然的周期性的能量增长正在北极圈附近从南到北移动，北极圈冰雪自然融化，正是在自然界能量迁移增加和人类活动造成全球变暖的双重作用下才使北极区出现严重反常。

 

The British journal nature, according to a study published in the new study suggests that the atmosphere of a kind of natural cyclical energy growth is moving from south to north, near the Arctic Circle, the arctic ice and snow melting nature, it is in the nature energy increased migration and human activity is causing global warming makes the arctic under the dual function of severe abnormal. 

 

环境变暖现象已是人人皆知，但它造成后果的严重性和可怕性并不是人人都能想象的到。

 

Environmental warming is already known, but it caused the seriousness of the consequences and scary to not everyone can imagine. 

 

　　一、环境变暖的影响

 

A warming effects and environment 

 

(一)短期影响

 

(a) short-term effects 

 

1.由于环境加速变暖，使极地冰层加速融化，大量淡水进人北冰洋，海水盐度降低，海水洋流发生变化，而洋流是调节气候的主要因素，一旦洋流活动结束，后果是大量海洋生物灭绝，同时海平面上升，部分沿海城市遭受水淹。

 

1. Accelerate warming due to environment, make the polar ice caps melting, a large number of fresh water in the arctic ocean, reduce salinity, water currents, and ocean currents are the main factors of regulating climate, once the end of the current activity, the consequences are a large number of Marine biological extinction, rising sea levels at the same time, some coastal cities suffer from flooding. 

 

2.环境温度的上升也加速冰山(高山积雪)的融化，当极地冰层消失时，高山积雪也可能加速消失(亦或等不到南北极冰层消失就会发生)，这将使80%以上河流失去源头，大量河流也将断流，并逐渐消失，人类及大部分陆地生物可能失去大部分淡水来源，亦有可能因淡水分配发生争执、分歧、冲突甚至大规模战争。

 

2. Environmental temperatures are accelerating the melting of iceberg (mountain), when the polar ice sheet disappeared, the mountain snow can also accelerate disappear (or) will occur before the arctic and Antarctic ice sheet disappear, it will lose more than 80% of the river source, a large number of rivers will flow, and gradually disappeared, humans and most terrestrial may lose most of the fresh water sources, is also likely due to the distribution of fresh water a dispute, disagreement, conflict and even war on a large scale. 

 

3全球气候将变得更差，灾害天气、恶劣气候将会增多。由于气温上升，短期使海水蒸发量增大，气候发生严重变化，自然灾害将频繁发生部分地方暴雨暴雪，部分地方持续干旱，一些严重疾病亦会流行等等。这种现象也许不几年就会发生。

 

3 global climate will become worse, the disaster weather, bad weather will increase. As temperatures rise, short-term increased evaporation, serious climate change, natural disasters will be parts of frequent heavy rains blizzard, parts of continuous drought, some serious disease will also pop, and so on. This phenomenon may not happen in a few years. 

 

(二)长期影响

 

(2) long-term effects 

 

同一气压下0℃的冰融化为0℃的水所需能量可使同质量的水温上升80 ℃，可使同质量的空气温度上升240℃。在地球上有厚厚的大气层，总的质量达5000万亿吨。地球上的水资源总量约为13.8亿立方公里，其中97.5%是海水(13.45亿立方公里)。淡水只占2.5，其中绝大部分为极地冰雪、冰川和地下水，适宜人类享用的仅为0.01%。据此推算地球上有22800万亿吨冰(按淡水的66%算)，如果我们不采取根本有效措施，并继续滥砍滥伐，当冰层消失，亦或等不到冰层消失，地球上大部分地区气温会急剧增长，很可能达到使人无法忍受的程度;海洋加速蒸发，海水温度快速上升，盐度增加，大部分海洋生物灭绝，气压将上升(由于大气中水蒸汽含量增加)直到海水温度盐度、气压达到某一峰值才会平衡下来，到那时，人类甚至连海水淡化都不可能。

 

0 ℃ under the same pressure to 0 ℃ ice melt water energy can make the same quality for rise in water temperature 80 ℃, 240 ℃ can make the same quality of the air temperature rises. On the earth have thick atmosphere, the overall quality of 5 quadrillion tons. The total water resources on the earth is about 1.38 billion cubic km, 97.5% of them is in the oceans (1.345 billion cubic kilometers). Fresh water accounts for only 2.5, of which most of the polar ice and snow, ice and groundwater, suitable for humans to enjoy is only 0.01%. Accordingly calculated there are 22.8 quadrillion tons of ice on the earth (calculate by 66% of the fresh water), if we do not take effective measures, and continue to deforestation, as the ice disappears, or wait till the ice disappears, most parts of the temperature on earth will increase sharply, is likely to reach intolerable degree; Marine accelerate evaporation, water temperature rising fast, salinity increases, most of the Marine biological extinction, pressure will rise (because of increased water vapor content in the atmosphere) until the water temperature, salinity, pressure will reach a peak balance, by then, humans and even water desalination. 

 

环境变暖的主要原因是滞留在地球的热量过多。我们可以通过分析地球热量的来源来说明这点。

 

Environment is the main cause of warming is stranded in the earth's heat too much. We can through the analysis of the sources of the earth's heat to illustrate the point. 

 

1.太阳能:进人地球的太阳能占到地球吸收能量的99%以上还多。

 

: 1. The solar energy in the earth's solar energy more than 99% of the earth energy absorption. 

 

2.生物能化学能的转换:生物降解，煤炭石油的燃烧，以及各种化学反应产生的能量等等。

 

2. The biomass conversion of chemical energy: biodegradable, burning coal oil, as well as a variety of chemical reactions to produce energy, and so on. 

 

3.其它能量的转换二如核能转换，万有引力引起的潮汐等。

 

3. Other energy conversion of the two transformations such as nuclear power, gravity causes tides, etc. 

 

太阳能是影响地球温度的最大能源。太阳能进人地球的主要方式为辐射，散出的主要方式为反射。地球吸收太阳能过少，气温就会降低;吸收太阳能过多，气温就会上升。另外，温室气体的过量存在，也让留在地球的热量增多，促使环境不断变暖。因此平衡过量温室气体()和减少进人地球的能量可以有效遏制环境变暖二、遏制环境变暖的措施设想

 

Solar energy is the biggest energy of impact the earth's temperature. The main ways of solar energy in the earth's radiation, from the main way for reflection. Too little earth absorb solar energy, the temperature will be lower; Absorb solar energy, the temperature will rise. In addition, too much of greenhouse gases, to stay in the earth's heat, warming to environment. Therefore balance too much () and reduce greenhouse gases in the earth's energy to control the environment is warming two, effectively curb environmental warming measures envisaged 

 

(一)我们可以在沙漠地带植树造林

 

(a) we can plant trees in the desert afforestation 

 

植树造林的地段可以选择在山川、河岸、沟壑及居人区;还可以选择在沙漠地带及已接近退化成沙漠的地带;部分无人区也可以用来植树造林。

 

Afforestation area can choose in the mountains and rivers, river Banks and ravines and in the area; Also can choose in the desert and is close to degenerate into desert zone; Some areas can also be used for afforestation. 

 

植树造林的对象主要为环境污染的主要企业。植树造林人人有责，但要有一套行之有效的办法:

 

Afforestation object mainly is environment pollution the main enterprise. Everybody is responsible for afforestation, but want to have a set of effective solution: 

 

1.主要对象为污染环境的企业如火电厂、炼钢厂、炼铝厂、某些化工厂、采煤采油企业及炼油企业。由专家评定其企业年的排放量或隐性排放量(采煤采油企业及炼油企业等)，以此为据来收取环境污染金，并为其分配专用林区，林区面积大小相对应该企业年的排放量或隐性排放量。其栽培与后期护养费用来源于本企业的专用环境污染金。

 

1. The main object to pollute the environment of enterprises such as power plants, steel mills and smelters, some chemical plants, coal oil production and refining enterprise. Years by experts to assess the enterprise emissions or recessive emissions (coal oil production and refining enterprise, etc.) to charge according to the environmental pollution as gold, and assigns dedicated forest area, forest area size relative to enterprise in emissions or emissions. Its cultivation and the later maintenance costs from the special environment of this enterprise pollution gold. 

 

2.鼓励有识开明之士或资金雄厚企业自发投资于沙漠地带养林，国家给他们划分专用林区，他们可将此林区作为个人或企业的形象，其林区可以用该企业或个人来命名。

 

2. Encourage knowledge spontaneously enlightened men or cash-rich companies invested in desert forest, countries for their special forest region, divided into to the forest as their personal or corporate image, the forest can be named with the enterprise or individual. 

 

3.全社会发动，在沙漠地带可以允许人土葬，并可在沙漠出售墓地，一块墓地至少对应一棵树，这些树培植养护费用应由墓地所有人或其子孙负责，该墓地归属某人多少年(此地仅用于墓地)可在树上刻上墓主姓名。

 

3. The whole society, can allow people buried in desert region, and can sell graves in the desert, a graveyard at least corresponds to a tree, the tree plant maintenance cost should be by the owner or their offspring cemetery, the cemetery belong to someone is how many years (here is used only for the graveyard) can engrave names were in the tree. 

 

4.林木管理办法

 

4. Forest management measures 

 

成立专门沙漠绿化公司，由其全权负责所有沙漠地带林木的养护，如浇灌、除草，除虫等。其运作经费来源二(1)根据企业对环境污染程度征收一定数额的污染费;(2)社会募捐;(3)开发墓地所得资金和墓主及其子孙所交的树木养护费等。淡水来源有河流、地下水开发、国家南水北调、部分沿海地方海水淡化等。

 

Establish a desert landscaping company, by its solely responsible for all desert trees curing, such as watering, weeding, pest control, etc. Its operation funding two (1) according to the enterprise to collect a certain amount of fee to environmental pollution; (2) social donations; (3) develop the graveyard the proceeds and the trees were and their sons pay cost of maintenance, etc. Rivers, groundwater, fresh water source development, the national south-north water diversion project, part of the coastal local water desalination, etc. 

 

　　(二)建立反射层

 

(2) establish a reflector 

 

通过精密计算，得出应该反射的能量是多少，然后在合适的地方(如无人区)建立一定面积的反射层，以平衡温室效应造成的能量增加，减少在大气中的含量，直到其含量达到一定比例。

 

Through precise calculation, should reflect the energy and where appropriate, such as no man's land to establish a certain area of the reflector, to balance the greenhouse effect caused by the increased energy, reduce the content of the atmosphere, until its content reaches a certain proportion. 

 

(三)积极采用环保能源方式

 

(3) of the active adoption of green energy 

 

充分利用太阳能、风能、水能及核能，让这些能源成为人类利用能源的主要方式，积极研究温室气体()转化为其它物质如C与的方式，并使之规模化•在保证地球适宜环境温度下，使全球产生的与吸收(植物)或减少(转化)的平衡。这样就会从根本上解决环境变暖的难题，避免其造成更大的恶果。

 

Make full use of solar energy, wind energy, hydropower and nuclear power, let these energy become the dominant form of human use of energy, the positive research of greenhouse gases () is converted into other substances such as C and way, and make it in scale, ensure appropriate environmental temperature, earth make a global and absorption (plant) or reduce (conversion) balance. This will fundamentally solve the problem of environmental change, to avoid the consequences of their cause more. 

 

当森林面积逐步扩大，并使极地面积逐步恢复时(即自然反射面积恢复)，此时逐步可将反射层改造成太阳能发电设施。这样不仅减少环境污染，还能使温室气体保持在一个合理范围，使人类的能源利用达到最合理的方式。

 

When the forest area gradually expanded, and the polar area gradually restored (that is, the natural reflection area recovery), the reflector can be gradually converted into solar power generation facilities. So not only reduce environmental pollution, but also can keep greenhouse gases at a reasonable range, the human energy to achieve the most reasonable way. 

 

只要积极采取有效措施，努力改善现有环境，就会使我们的地球生生不息，保持旺盛的生命力。

 

As long as to take effective measures actively, efforts to improve the existing environment, can make our earth, keep vigorous vitality.