摘要介绍了简约主义的概念及现代简约主义的风格特点,概述了简约主义的发展及其在空间环境中的应用,从以人为本、树立简洁与自然的设计观、遵循绿色生态设计原则等方面总结了简约空间环境设计的精神。
Are introduced in this paper the concept of minimalism and modern minimalist style characteristic, Outlines the development of minimalism and its application in the space environment, from the people-oriented, set up the simple and natural design concept, follow the principle of green ecological design, contracted and space environment design are summarized in aspects of spirit.
关键词简约主义;空间环境;应用;设计
Key words minimalism; Space environment; Applications; design
随着经济的发展和社会的进步,我国的空间环境设计取得了很大发展,由简单的空间划分转向更为人性化的设计。同时随着物质基础的富足和文化水平的提高,人们对居住环境的要求也不再仅仅停留在功能性的要求上,而是更多地注重文化内涵的体现和健康时尚的感受。简约主义风格的设计最能满足人们的这种需求,它以简洁的表现形式来满足人们对空间环境那种感性的、本能的和理性的需求,这也是当今国际流行的设计风格,随着时代的发展,简约主义的设计理念必然在今后人们日常生活中被广泛应用,它将继续成为人们时尚生活的追求。
With the development of economy and the progress of the society, our country's space environment design has achieved great development, from simple to more humanized space division is the design. At the same time as the material basis of wealth and cultural level enhancement, people's living environment is no longer just stay on the functional requirements, but more and more attention to the embodiment of the cultural connotation and feeling of vogue and health. Minimalism style design can meet the needs of people, most of it with concise form to satisfy the people to the space environment that perceptual, instinct and rational demand, this also is the international popular design style, with the development of The Times, minimalism design concept is widely used in People's Daily life in the future, it will continue to be a people to the pursuit of fashionable life.
1简约主义的概念及风格特点
1 the concept and style of minimalism
现代简约主义源于20世纪初期的西方现代主义,是80年代中期对复古风潮的叛逆和极简美学的基础上发展起来的,90年代初期,开始融入环境设计领域中。欧洲现代主义建筑大师Mies Vander Rohe的名言“Less is more”被认为是最能代表简约主义的核心思想。简约主义的特色是将设计的色彩、照明、原材料简化到最少的程度,但对色彩、材料的质感要求却很高。“简约而不简单……”这句人们都很熟悉的广告语基本表达了简约主义的全部内涵。在环境设计方面,简约不是简单的堆砌和随意的摆放,而是在设计上更强调功能,强调结构和形式的完整。简约主义的风格要求设计者有丰富的设计经验和文化素养,需要反复推敲、认真思考、删繁就简,以色彩的高度凝练和造型的极度简洁,在满足功能需求的前提下,将空间布置得精致合理,少而不空[1-4]。现代简约主义的风格特点可以归纳为以下方面。
Modern minimalism comes from western modernism in the early 20th century, is the mid - 80 - s to the agitation restoring ancient ways of rebellion and minimalist aesthetic, developed on the basis of the early 90 s, begin to embody in the field of environmental design. European modernist architect Mies Vander Rohe quote "Less is more" is considered to be the most can represent the core idea of simplism. Characteristic of contracted creed is to simplify the design of color, lighting, raw materials to the least extent, but the color, the simple sense of material requirement is high. "Contracted and not simple......" The people are familiar with the slogan of basic expressed all the meaning of minimalism. In the aspect of environment design, contracted and not simple stack and random put, but more emphasis on functionality in the design, emphasizes the structure and form of integrity. Contracted creed style requirements of designers have rich experience in design and cultural literacy, requires repeated scrutiny, serious thinking, paring down, with the height of the color extremely simple, concise and shape on the premise of meet the functional requirements, reasonable decorate space delicate, less empty [1-4]. Modern minimalism style features can be summarized as the following aspects.
一是因地制宜。在景观设计中,因地制宜应是适地适树、适景适树最重要的立地条件。选择适生树种和乡土树种,要做到宜树则树、宜花则花、宜草则草,充分反映出地方特色,只有这样才能做到最经济、最节约,也能使植物发挥出最大的生态效益及最佳的绿化美化效果,起到事半功倍的功效。二是人性化的功能设计。简约主义认为任何复杂的设计,没有实用价值的特殊部件及任何装饰都会增加其造价的,强调形式应更多地服务于功能。三是材质多样化。环境设计与材质选择上,应注意生态环境的多样性,减少人工化的设计与不利于生态的材料,边缘尽可能呈现复杂有机的形状,以曲线代替直线,增加多样统一性。木质是花架主要的基本材质,简约主义的绿化小品中,新的材质也经常被运用,如铝、碳纤维、塑料、高密度玻璃等,为环境设计中的构筑物增添了各种可能性,如防水、耐刮、轻量、透光。
One is to adjust measures to local conditions. In landscape design, adjust measures to local conditions should be the right fit, optimal JingShi tree is the most important site conditions. Choose suitable tree species and native species, to do appropriate trees are trees, appropriate flowers, flowers, grass, grass, fully reflects the local characteristics, only in this way can we achieve the most economical, the most economical, also can make plants to play out the biggest ecological benefit and the best green beautification effect, get twice the result with half the effort effect. The second is the function of the humanized design. Minimalism don't think any complex design, the practical value of special components and any decoration will increase the cost, stressed that form should serve more function. 3 it is material of diversification. Design and material selection on the environment, should pay attention to the diversity of the ecological environment, reduce artificial design and is not conducive to ecological material, the edge as far as possible take on the shape of complex organic, with curves instead of straight line, increase the variety of unity. Lignin is a major basic material of flower, green skit of minimalism, new materials are often used, such as aluminum, carbon fibre, plastic, high density, glass, etc., added the possibilities for environmental design of structures, such as waterproof, scratch, lightweight, pervious to light.
2简约主义的发展
2 the development of minimalism
在传统中国的装饰风格里,简约一词是几乎不存在的,不管是紫禁城内的殿宇还是江南水乡园林中的古宅,繁琐复杂的装饰从来都是令人叹为观止的,那些雕廊画柱一直是人们乐此不疲的追求。设计者力求借助这些纷繁的建筑来显示自己的设计水平及相对复杂的构图,其实这些精雕细琢的“废物”并无实际作用,浪费了财力和人力。
In traditional Chinese style of decoration, simple word is almost non-existent, whether it's Forbidden City house or jiangnan gardens in the old house, the adornment of the complex is always amazing, the sculpture gallery picture column has been enjoyable pursuit. Designers to use these intricate buildings to display their design level and relatively complicated composition, in fact these finely crafted "waste", there is no actual action, waste of money and manpower.
改革开放初期,国内很多大型的商场酒店都是由香港等地的商人承包建造,那种奢华的星级酒店式的装饰风格一时之间又被人们争相模仿。市场也被厂家引导,于是出现了大量的“暴发户”式的装饰建筑,以此盲目攀比,其实好的环境本来是一个可以让人彻底放松心情的休息之所,应该让人感到宁静。而如果硬件空间繁琐复杂则使人无法找到心灵所归。随着经济的发展社会的进步,人们的生活压力越来越大,人们越来越渴望能够有一个自由温馨的环境可以放松心情、调整心态,因此简约主义也越来越流行,越来越受到人们的欢迎。
Early reform and opening up, the domestic many large shopping malls hotels are built by Hong Kong businessmen contracting, the sort of luxurious star hotel decoration style at that time was between people rushed to imitate. Markets have also been factory guide, so appear a lot of "nouveau riche" type of decorative building, to economic growth, good environment was actually a can let a person thoroughly relax rest place, should let a person feel peace. And if the hardware space complex, it make people unable to find a soul. With the economic development of the progress of the society, people life pressure is more and more big, people more and more eager to have a free warm environment can relax the mood, adjust state of mind, so minimalism is also more and more popular, more and more get the welcome of people.
其实很多世界建筑设计大师他们都以“少就是多”的思想、以最纯净的形式,用相当普通的材料、使用最精简的手法,表现出非常深度的内涵和崇高的空间气质。例如:Juhani Pallasmaa在赫尔辛基设计的胡韦莱塔托14号公寓与阁楼改造;洛尔肯•奥赫利希设计的哈丽雅特•多恩女士服装店;贝聿铭设计的卢浮宫玻璃金字塔;Akira Sakamoto 在日本大阪设计的Hakuei别墅等,这些都是非常经典的简约主义作品。相信在以后会有更多的设计师用他们的智慧创造出更多的优秀作品。
Many of the world architectural design master them all with the thought of "less is more", in the purest form, use very ordinary materials, use the most concise gimmick, show a very deep connotation and noble temperament. In Helsinki, for example, Juhani Pallasmaa design hu Willis tower 14 apartments and the attic renovation; Bisoprolol Ken Mr Hurley and design, Harriet donne, ladies clothing store; Pei's Louvre pyramid glass; Akira Sakamoto design Hakuei villa in Osaka, Japan, etc., these are very classic works of minimalism. Believe in the future there will be more designers use their wisdom to create more outstanding works.
3简约主义在空间环境中的应用
3 minimalism in the application of the space environment
现代城市美学中的核心问题,是城市空间多种要素的统一和谐。实现城市现代化,要首先把城市美化起来,使城市的多种对立要素通过正确处理能够协调统一起来。要实现这一目标,所有建筑师、规划师和城市管理者,应充分认识并应认真处理好对立统一关系、建筑与环境的关系。建筑从本质上讲是人的空间,而且是人们营造的艺术空间,它既有实用的一面,又有美化景观的一面。环境是客观存在的现实。环境是先于“新建筑”而存在;“新建筑”是后于环境而新生;“新建筑”应融于已有的环境之中,在尺度、体量、色彩、风格等方面应与周围环境相协调。
The core problems in modern urban aesthetic, is the harmonious unity of the urban Spaces. Modernization of cities, should first of all, the city beautification, make the city a variety of opposing elements through proper handling can harmonious and unified. To achieve this goal, all architects, city planners and managers, should be fully recognize and should be carefully handle the unity of opposites relationship, the relationship between architecture and environment. Architecture in essence is human space, and it is people create art space, it is both practical aspect, and beautify the landscape. Environment is the objective existence of reality. There was before the "new architecture" and environment; After "new architecture" is the environment and the new; "New architecture" should dissolve into the existing environment, in such aspects as scale, dimension, color, style should be in harmony with the surrounding environment.
简约主义在空间环境中的应用首先体现在不同材质的应用上。空间环境设计是靠线、面分割组合形成的,而这些线和面都是由不同材料组成的。不同的材质会营造不同的装饰效果,体现不一样的设计思想。如木材给人的感觉是朴实的,但同样的木质,不同的表面处理,又会产生不同的视觉效果:粗糙的木纹使人感到古老、朴实、粗犷,平滑的木纹使人感到高雅、精细、简明。在不同的空间中运用不同的材质或者运用不同色彩、肌理的同一材质使其达到和谐统一,这样才能在简约主义的风各种展现出材质丰富的美感。其次,简约设计也要充分体现人性化与个性化,以满足人们的需求为设计的首要任务。个性化在设计中的体现是多方面的。不同职业、年龄、社会地位、文化水平的人对生活的需求也不同,从而导致对室外空间使用功能要求的多样化,进而使空间环境体现出不同于他人的个性化特点。
Minimalism in the application of space environment first reflect on the application of different materials. Space environment design is formed by line, face segmentation combination, and the line and are composed of different materials. Different materials will build different decoration effect, reflect different design thought. Such as wood gives person's feeling is simple, but the same wood, different surface treatment, will produce different visual effects: coarse grain makes one feel old, simple, straightforward, smooth wood makes one feel elegant, subtle, concise. Using different material in different space or use a different color, skin texture in the same material to the harmonious unification, such ability in the minimalism of various wind show material rich aesthetic feeling. Second, contracted design also should fully embody the humanization and personalization, to meet the demand of people for the design of top priority. There are a variety of personalized reflected in the design. Different occupation, age, social status, cultural level, people demand of life are also different, which leads to the diversity of the outdoor space use function requirements, and make the space environment reflects the personalized characteristic is different from others.
4简约空间环境设计精神
4 contracted spirit space environment design
4.1以人为本
4.1 the people-oriented
以人为本是空间环境设计的根本出发点,旨在满足人们在生活、工作和心理等各方面的需求以提高人们的生活水准、增进人生的意义。以人为本的设计理念要求设计者把更多的目光从空间环境设计本身转移到空间使用者——人的身上。设计者不但要考虑空间环境的使用功能,还要考虑使用者的心理和生理需求。因此,在进行环境设计时不但要合理配置构筑物,注意色调的总体效果,妥善解决、道路、照明等问题,还要考虑人们的活动规律,并处理好各种空间关系、空间尺寸、空间比例等,使空间环境整体布局合理化,面积分配科学化,生活居住舒适化。
People-oriented is the fundamental starting point of the space environment design, to meet people in life, work and the psychological demand and so on various aspects to improve people's living standards, enhancing the meaning of life. People-oriented design concept requires the designer put more eyes from the space environment design itself is transferred to space users - people. Designers not only consider the space environment of the use function, consider the user's psychological and physiological needs. In the environment design, therefore, not only to the rational allocation of structures, pay attention to the overall effect is tonal, appropriate to solve the problem, roads, lighting, etc., to consider people's activity rule, and deal with all kinds of spatial relations, spatial dimension, spatial scale, etc., make the space environment of the overall layout rationalization, scientific area allocation, living comfort.
空间环境设计不再仅仅是对于使用功能的设计,它正迅速地向审美功能、文化功能靠拢。在当今信息时代,人与人之间的关系日渐冷漠和疏远,因此人们不仅需要一个舒适方便、功能齐全的生活空间,更渴望远离工业社会的冷漠、呆板,得到身心的放松和自我实现。于是空间环境设计便承载了对人类的精神和心灵予以慰藉的重任。现代简约主义要求设计应以人为尺度达到协调人与空间环境关系的和谐,充分满足人们对于安全、舒适、个性化的需求。
Space environment design is no longer just to the design of the use function, it is rapidly moving closer to the aesthetic function and cultural function. In today's information age, the relationship of the increasingly apathy and alienation, so people need not only a convenient, functional and comfortable living space, more eager to stay away from the industrial society's indifference, inflexible, body and mind relax and self-realization. And space environment design was carried to the human spirit and heart to comfort. Modern minimalism design should be people-oriented scale to coordinator with the harmony between the space environment, fully satisfy people to safe, comfortable and personalized demand.
4.2树立简洁、自然的设计观
4.2 set up is simple and natural design concept
随着人与自然、人与生存空间的矛盾日益突出,回归自然已成为一种社会风尚,许多人开始寄希望于通过设计来改善人类自身的生态平衡,空间环境设计越来越受到人们的欢迎。同时,绿色生态设计所倡导的适度消费理念及节约型生活方式也为简洁设计奠定了基础。简洁设计要求设计者在考虑功能合理的前提下,追求设计思想的精炼及构图的完美,形成自然、简洁的设计风格,减少多余的装饰。因此,如何以最少的装饰材料达到最完美的装饰效果就成为设计师追求的目标。自然风格和简洁设计在空间环境设计中越来越受到重视。简洁、自然的设计观主要有:一是把创造舒适优美的居住环境作为目标,提倡适度消费思想,倡导节约型的生活方式,把装饰消费维持在资源和环境的承受能力范围之内,体现生态文化观、价值观。二是强调自然生态美,欣赏质朴、简洁而不刻意雕凿;同时在遵循生态规律前提下,运用科技手段加工改造自然,创造人工生态美,将绿色景观与自然融合起来。三是对常规能源与不可再生资源节约使用和回收利用,对可再生资源尽量低消耗使用,争取最大限度循环利用各种资源,使现代建筑得以持续发展。
As the contradiction between human and nature, man and living space increasingly prominent, return to nature has become a social fashion, many people began to hope that through the design to improve the ecological balance of human, space environment design more and more get the welcome of people. At the same time, the concept of green ecological design advocate moderate consumption and economical way of life also lays a foundation for concise design. Concise design requires designers to consider function is reasonable under the premise of pursuing perfection of design thought of refining and composition, form the natural, concise design style, reduce redundant adornment. Therefore, how to with minimal decoration materials to achieve the most perfect decorative effect as designers pursue goal. Natural style and simple design in space environment design is more and more attention. Concise and natural design concept are: one is to create a comfortable and beautiful living environment as the target, advocate moderate consumption thought, advocates frugal way of life, and the decorative consumption to maintain in the range of resources and environment capacity, ecological concept, values. Second, emphasis on natural ecological beauty, appreciate the simple, concise and not deliberately carving; Under the precondition of ecological rules at the same time, using technology to processing and transforming nature, creating artificial ecological beauty, the green landscape and the natural integration. Three is the use of conventional energy and non-renewable resources saving and recycling, use of renewable resources as far as possible low consumption, for maximum reuse of various resources, make the sustained development of modern architecture.
4.3遵循绿色生态设计原则
4.3 follow the green ecological design principles
随着人们环保意识的提高,舒适消费必须是绿色消费已成为很多人的共识。绿色生态设计可以为人们提供良好的、合理的、高效能低功耗的空间环境。良好的空间环境和较强的生物气候调节能力将最大限度地保护空间环境的再生资源,达到人、建筑与自然生态之间的平衡和协调,实现空间环境的可持续性。所谓绿色生态设计,就是运用生态学和建筑学的基本原理因地制宜,合理安排空间环境的功能、结构、配置等;科学选择材料,抛弃有毒、有害、含污染的化学材料,尽可能使用自然材料和环保材料。这样既达到了适度消费、节约能耗的目的,又避免了大量人力、物力的浪费。
With the improvement of people environmental protection consciousness, must be comfortable consumption, green consumption has become the consensus of many people. Green ecological design can provide people with a good, reasonable and highly efficient low consumption space environment. Good spatial environment and strong ability of biological climate regulation to maximize the protection of space environment of renewable resources, meet people, ecological balance and coordination between building and nature, and realize the sustainability of the space environment. The so-called green ecological design, is to use the basic principles of ecology and architecture adjust measures to local conditions, reasonable arrangement of the space environment of the function, structure, configuration, etc.; Science choice materials, getting rid of toxic, harmful and chemical material containing pollution, as far as possible the use of natural materials and environmental protection material. Both reach the purpose of the moderate consumption, saving energy consumption, and avoid the waste of a large amount of manpower and material resources.
5结语
5 conclusion
综上所述,简约主义设计是现代人所乐于追求的表现形式之一,是人们追求的那一片属于自己的净土,空间环境不是宫殿般的奢侈,而是一个全身心放松的自我空间。顾名思义,简约主义设计就是摒弃了无谓的繁琐,使其更具理性化和功能化,它追求在对话中设计,建筑师应该是对话的参与者。伟大的意大利画家弗拉•安吉利科(FraAngelico)曾说过:“真正的财富包括怎样用很少的东西来获得快乐。”路德维希•维特根斯坦(LudwigWittgenstein)写到:“好的建筑师与不好的建筑师的不同在于,不好的建筑师总是屈服于各种诱惑而那些好的则会拒绝。”简约主义就是运用最精练的设计语言,表现出深邃的文化内涵和崇高的空间气质,为人们打造温馨舒适的理想家园,给人们提供一个身心愉悦的空间。随着时代的发展,简约主义的设计理念必然在今后人们日常生活中被广泛应用,它将继续成为人们时尚生活的追求。
To sum up, the minimalist design is one of the pursue of modern form of expression, it is people pursuit of the a piece of pure land of their own, the space environment is not the imperial luxury, but a full relaxation space. As the name implies, minimalist design is abandoned the unnecessary red tape and make it more rational and functional, it pursuit of design in the conversation, the architect should be a dialogue of the participants. The great Italian artist, la Angelina division (FraAngelico) once said: "the real wealth, including how to use a few things to be happy." Ludwig wittgenstein (LudwigWittgenstein) wrote: "good architects and bad architect's different is that bad architect always yield to temptation and the good will be rejected." Contracted creed is to use the design of the most refined language, show the profound cultural connotation and high space temperament, and build the ideal of sweet and comfortable home for people, give people a happy space. Along with the development of The Times, minimalism design concept is widely used in People's Daily life in the future, it will continue to be a people to the pursuit of fashionable life.
